A. Basic elements of confounding

1. Define confounding and distinguish it from bias and chance error
2. Identify three criteria a variable must fulfill to be a confounder in an epidemiological study
3. Diagram the relationship of a confounder with exposure and outcome

B. Explain methods to adjust for confounding

1. Describe ways of handling confounding at the design phase of a study
   1. Randomization
   2. Restriction
   3. Matching
2. Describe ways of handling confounding at the analysis phase of a study
   1. Stratification
   2. Multivariate adjustment techniques

C. Describe how to evaluate potential confounding in epidemiological data

1. Explain the difference between a crude and adjusted effect estimate
2. Discuss what is meant by "residual" confounding